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- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt*Correspondence: Nazmus Saquib [email protected] [1]
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sulaiman Al Habib Medical, Group, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar [1]
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Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common neonatal sepsis pathogens in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Introduction: Neonatal sepsis (NS) is a major healthcare burden in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries with a prevalence higher than the global average. Microbial drug resistance has major implications for mortality and morbidity from NS.
Objective: To synthesize data regarding the patterns of causative bacteria of NS in the GCC and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.
Methods: Following the exploration of four electronic databases i.e. EBSCOhost ProQuest PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect eligible studies were identified (i.e. published between 2013 and 2023 and reported bacterial profile and/or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns). The outcomes included the pooled prevalence of bacteria and their susceptibility patterns. Proportion meta-analysis was performed for each outcome of interest.
Results: Fifteen studies were eligible (total positive cases = 2473). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (28.1%) were the most common gram-positive causative pathogen followed by group B Streptococcus (GBS) (16.2%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%); for gram-negative Escherichia coli (12.7%) and Klebsiella species (11.4%) were most common. The susceptibility rates of these bacteria to first-line antibiotics were high; gram-positive bacteria had the highest susceptibility to ampicillin (72.8–98%) and gram-negative bacteria was most susceptible to amikacin (94.6–98%). Additionally both gram-positive (67–77%) and negative (87–93%) bacteria exhibited high susceptibility to gentamicin.
Conclusion: The most common pathogens among NS patients were gram-positive. The pathogens irrespective of stain test were susceptible to the current antibiotic therapy. We recommend the judicious use of empirical antibiotic therapy to prevent the growing risk of antimicrobial resistance.